SQL functions & operators

This page details Materialize’s supported SQL functions and operators.

Functions

Unmaterializable functions

Several functions in Materialize are unmaterializable because their output depends upon state besides their input parameters, like the value of a session parameter or the timestamp of the current transaction. You cannot create an index or materialized view that depends on an unmaterializable function, but you can use them in non-materialized views and one-off SELECT statements.

Unmaterializable functions are marked as such in the table below.

Side-effecting functions

Several functions in Materialize are side-effecting because their evaluation changes system state. For example, the pg_cancel_backend function allows canceling a query running on another connection.

Materialize offers only limited support for these functions. They may be called only at the top level of a SELECT statement, like so:

SELECT side_effecting_function(arg, ...);

You cannot manipulate or alias the function call expression, call multiple side-effecting functions in the same SELECT statement, nor add any additional clauses to the SELECT statement (e.g., FROM, WHERE).

Side-effecting functions are marked as such in the table below.

Generic functions

Generic functions can typically take arguments of any type.

Function
`CAST (cast_expr) -> T` Value as type `T` (docs).
`coalesce(x: T...) -> T?` First non-NULL arg, or NULL if all are NULL.
`greatest(x: T...) -> T?` The maximum argument, or NULL if all are NULL.
`least(x: T...) -> T?` The minimum argument, or NULL if all are NULL.
`nullif(x: T, y: T) -> T?` NULL if `x == y`, else `x`.

Aggregate functions

Aggregate functions take one or more of the same element type as arguments.

Function
`array_agg(x: T) -> T[]` Aggregate values (including nulls) as an array (docs).
`avg(x: T) -> U` Average of `T`’s values. Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.
`bool_and(x: T) -> T` NULL if all values of `x` are NULL, otherwise true if all values of `x` are true, otherwise false.
`bool_or(x: T) -> T` NULL if all values of `x` are NULL, otherwise true if any values of `x` are true, otherwise false.
`count(x: T) -> bigint` Number of non-NULL inputs.
`jsonb_agg(expression) -> jsonb` Aggregate values (including nulls) as a jsonb array (docs).
`jsonb_object_agg(keys, values) -> jsonb` Aggregate keys and values (including nulls) as a jsonb object (docs).
`max(x: T) -> T` Maximum value among `T`.
`min(x: T) -> T` Minimum value among `T`.
`stddev(x: T) -> U` Historical alias for `stddev_samp`. (imprecise) Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.
`stddev_pop(x: T) -> U` Population standard deviation of `T`’s values. (imprecise) Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.
`stddev_samp(x: T) -> U` Sample standard deviation of `T`’s values. (imprecise) Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.
`string_agg(value: text, delimiter: text) -> text` Concatenates the non-null input values into text. Each value after the first is preceded by the corresponding delimiter (docs).
`sum(x: T) -> U` Sum of `T`’s values Returns `bigint` if `x` is `int` or `smallint`, `numeric` if `x` is `bigint` or `uint8`, `uint8` if `x` is `uint4` or `uint2`, else returns same type as `x`.
`variance(x: T) -> U` Historical alias for `var_samp`. (imprecise) Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.
`var_pop(x: T) -> U` Population variance of `T`’s values. (imprecise) Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.
`var_samp(x: T) -> U` Sample variance of `T`’s values. (imprecise) Returns `numeric` if `x` is `int`, `double` if `x` is `real`, else returns same type as `x`.

Function

array_agg(x: T) -> T[]

Aggregate values (including nulls) as an array

(docs).

avg(x: T) -> U

Average of T’s values.

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

bool_and(x: T) -> T

NULL if all values of x are NULL, otherwise true if all values of x are true, otherwise false.

bool_or(x: T) -> T

NULL if all values of x are NULL, otherwise true if any values of x are true, otherwise false.

count(x: T) -> bigint

Number of non-NULL inputs.

jsonb_agg(expression) -> jsonb

Aggregate values (including nulls) as a jsonb array

(docs).

jsonb_object_agg(keys, values) -> jsonb

Aggregate keys and values (including nulls) as a jsonb object

(docs).

max(x: T) -> T

Maximum value among T.

min(x: T) -> T

Minimum value among T.

stddev(x: T) -> U

Historical alias for stddev_samp. (imprecise)

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

stddev_pop(x: T) -> U

Population standard deviation of T’s values. (imprecise)

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

stddev_samp(x: T) -> U

Sample standard deviation of T’s values. (imprecise)

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

string_agg(value: text, delimiter: text) -> text

Concatenates the non-null input values into text. Each value after the first is preceded by the corresponding delimiter

(docs).

sum(x: T) -> U

Sum of T’s values

Returns bigint if x is int or smallint, numeric if x is bigint or uint8, uint8 if x is uint4 or uint2, else returns same type as x.

variance(x: T) -> U

Historical alias for var_samp. (imprecise)

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

var_pop(x: T) -> U

Population variance of T’s values. (imprecise)

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

var_samp(x: T) -> U

Sample variance of T’s values. (imprecise)

Returns numeric if x is int, double if x is real, else returns same type as x.

List functions

List functions take list arguments, and are polymorphic.

Function
`list_agg(x: any) -> L` Aggregate values (including nulls) as a list (docs).
`list_append(l: listany, e: listelementany) -> L` Appends `e` to `l`.
`list_cat(l1: listany, l2: listany) -> L` Concatenates `l1` and `l2`.
`list_length(l: listany) -> int` Return the number of elements in `l`.
`list_prepend(e: listelementany, l: listany) -> listany` Prepends `e` to `l`.

Map functions

Map functions take map arguments, and are polymorphic.

Function
`map_length(m: mapany) -> int` Return the number of elements in `m`.
`map_build(kvs: list record(text, T)) -> map[text=>T]` Builds a map from a list of records whose fields are two elements, the first of which is `text`. In the face of duplicate keys, `map_build` retains value from the record in the latest positition. This function is purpose-built to process Kafka headers.
`map_agg(keys: text, values: T) -> map[text=>T]` Aggregate keys and values (including nulls) as a map (docs).

Function

map_length(m: mapany) -> int

Return the number of elements in m.

map_build(kvs: list record(text, T)) -> map[text=>T]

Builds a map from a list of records whose fields are two elements, the first of which is text. In the face of duplicate keys, map_build retains value from the record in the latest positition. This function is purpose-built to process Kafka headers.

map_agg(keys: text, values: T) -> map[text=>T]

Aggregate keys and values (including nulls) as a map

(docs).

Numbers functions

Number functions take number-like arguments, e.g. int, float, numeric, unless otherwise specified.

Function
`abs(x: N) -> N` The absolute value of `x`.
`cbrt(x: double precision) -> double precision` The cube root of `x`.
`ceil(x: N) -> N` The smallest integer >= `x`.
`ceiling(x: N) -> N` Alias of `ceil`.
`exp(x: N) -> N` Exponential of `x` (e raised to the given power)
`floor(x: N) -> N` The largest integer <= `x`.
`ln(x: double precision) -> double precision` Natural logarithm of `x`.
`ln(x: numeric) -> numeric` Natural logarithm of `x`.
`log(x: double precision) -> double precision` Base 10 logarithm of `x`.
`log(x: numeric) -> numeric` Base 10 logarithm of `x`.
`log10(x: double precision) -> double precision` Base 10 logarithm of `x`, same as `log`.
`log10(x: numeric) -> numeric` Base 10 logarithm of `x`, same as `log`.
`log(b: numeric, x: numeric) -> numeric` Base `b` logarithm of `x`.
`mod(x: N, y: N) -> N` `x % y`
`pow(x: double precision, y: double precision) -> double precision` Alias of `power`.
`pow(x: numeric, y: numeric) -> numeric` Alias of `power`.
`power(x: double precision, y: double precision) -> double precision` `x` raised to the power of `y`.
`power(x: numeric, y: numeric) -> numeric` `x` raised to the power of `y`.
`round(x: N) -> N` `x` rounded to the nearest whole number. If `N` is `real` or `double precision`, rounds ties to the nearest even number. If `N` is `numeric`, rounds ties away from zero.
`round(x: numeric, y: int) -> numeric` `x` rounded to `y` decimal places, while retaining the same `numeric` scale; rounds ties away from zero.
`sqrt(x: numeric) -> numeric` The square root of `x`.
`sqrt(x: double precision) -> double precision` The square root of `x`.
`trunc(x: N) -> N` `x` truncated toward zero to a whole number.

Trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions take and return double precision values.

Function
`cos(x: double precision) -> double precision` The cosine of `x`, with `x` in radians.
`acos(x: double precision) -> double precision` The inverse cosine of `x`, result in radians.
`cosh(x: double precision) -> double precision` The hyperbolic cosine of `x`, with `x` as a hyperbolic angle.
`acosh(x: double precision) -> double precision` The inverse hyperbolic cosine of `x`.
`cot(x: double precision) -> double precision` The cotangent of `x`, with `x` in radians.
`sin(x: double precision) -> double precision` The sine of `x`, with `x` in radians.
`asin(x: double precision) -> double precision` The inverse sine of `x`, result in radians.
`sinh(x: double precision) -> double precision` The hyperbolic sine of `x`, with `x` as a hyperbolic angle.
`asinh(x: double precision) -> double precision` The inverse hyperbolic sine of `x`.
`tan(x: double precision) -> double precision` The tangent of `x`, with `x` in radians.
`atan(x: double precision) -> double precision` The inverse tangent of `x`, result in radians.
`tanh(x: double precision) -> double precision` The hyperbolic tangent of `x`, with `x` as a hyperbolic angle.
`atanh(x: double precision) -> double precision` The inverse hyperbolic tangent of `x`.
`radians(x: double precision) -> double precision` Converts degrees to radians.
`degrees(x: double precision) -> double precision` Converts radians to degrees.

String functions

Function
`ascii(s: str) -> int` The ASCII value of `s`’s left-most character.
`btrim(s: str) -> str` Trim all spaces from both sides of `s`.
`btrim(s: str, c: str) -> str` Trim any character in `c` from both sides of `s`.
`bit_length(s: str) -> int` Number of bits in `s`.
`bit_length(b: bytea) -> int` Number of bits in `b`.
`char_length(s: str) -> int` Number of code points in `s`.
`chr(i: int) -> str` Character with the given Unicode codepoint. Only supports codepoints that can be encoded in UTF-8. The NULL (0) character is not allowed.
`concat(f: any, r: any...) -> text` Concatenates the text representation of non-NULL arguments.
`concat_ws(sep: str, f: any, r: any...) -> text` Concatenates the text representation of non-NULL arguments from `f` and `r` separated by `sep`.
`convert_from(b: bytea, src_encoding: text) -> text` Convert data `b` from original encoding specified by `src_encoding` into `text`.
`decode(s: text, format: text) -> bytea` Decode `s` using the specified textual representation (docs).
`encode(b: bytea, format: text) -> text` Encode `b` using the specified textual representation (docs).
`get_byte(b: bytea, n: int) -> int` Return the `n`th byte from `b`, where the left-most byte in `b` is at the 0th position.
`constant_time_eq(a: bytea, b: bytea) -> bool` Returns `true` if the arrays are identical, otherwise returns `false`. The implementation mitigates timing attacks by making a best-effort attempt to execute in constant time if the arrays have the same length, regardless of their contents.
`constant_time_eq(a: text, b: text) -> bool` Returns `true` if the strings are identical, otherwise returns `false`. The implementation mitigates timing attacks by making a best-effort attempt to execute in constant time if the strings have the same length, regardless of their contents.
`initcap(a: text) -> text` Returns `a` with the first character of every word in upper case and all other characters in lower case. Words are separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
`left(s: str, n: int) -> str` The first `n` characters of `s`. If `n` is negative, all but the last `\|n\|` characters of `s`.
`length(s: str) -> int` Number of code points in `s`. (docs).
`length(b: bytea) -> int` Number of bytes in `s`. (docs).
`length(s: bytea, encoding_name: str) -> int` Number of code points in `s` after encoding (docs).
`lower(s: str) -> str` Convert `s` to lowercase.
`lpad(s: str, len: int) -> str` Prepend `s` with spaces up to length `len`, or right truncate if `len` is less than the length of `s`.
`lpad(s: str, len: int, p: str) -> str` Prepend `s` with characters pulled from `p` up to length `len`, or right truncate if `len` is less than the length of `s`.
`ltrim(s: str) -> str` Trim all spaces from the left side of `s`.
`ltrim(s: str, c: str) -> str` Trim any character in `c` from the left side of `s`.
`octet_length(s: str) -> int` Number of bytes in `s`.
`octet_length(b: bytea) -> int` Number of bytes in `b`.
`parse_ident(ident: str[, strict_mode: bool]) -> str[]` Given a qualified identifier like `a."b".c`, splits into an array of the constituent identifiers with quoting removed and escape sequences decoded. Extra characters after the last identifier are ignored unless the `strict_mode` parameter is `true` (defaults to `false`).
`position(sub: str IN s: str) -> int` The starting index of `sub` within `s` or `0` if `sub` is not a substring of `s`.
`regexp_match(haystack: str, needle: str [, flags: str]]) -> str[]` Matches the regular expression `needle` against haystack, returning a string array that contains the value of each capture group specified in `needle`, in order. If `flags` is set to the string `i` matches case-insensitively.
`regexp_replace(source: str, pattern: str, replacement: str [, flags: str]]) -> str` Replaces the first occurrence of `pattern` with `replacement` in `source`. No match will return `source` unchanged. If `flags` is set to `g`, all occurrences are replaced. If `flags` is set to `i`, matches case-insensitively. `$N` or `$name` in `replacement` can be used to match capture groups. `${N}` must be used to disambiguate capture group indexes from names if other characters follow `N`. A `$$` in `replacement` will write a literal `$`. See the rust regex docs for more details about replacement.
`regexp_split_to_array(text: str, pattern: str [, flags: str]]) -> str[]` Splits `text` by the regular expression `pattern` into an array. If `flags` is set to `i`, matches case-insensitively.
`repeat(s: str, n: int) -> str` Replicate the string `n` times.
`replace(s: str, f: str, r: str) -> str` `s` with all instances of `f` replaced with `r`.
`right(s: str, n: int) -> str` The last `n` characters of `s`. If `n` is negative, all but the first `\|n\|` characters of `s`.
`rtrim(s: str) -> str` Trim all spaces from the right side of `s`.
`rtrim(s: str, c: str) -> str` Trim any character in `c` from the right side of `s`.
`split_part(s: str, d: s, i: int) -> str` Split `s` on delimiter `d`. Return the `str` at index `i`, counting from 1.
`starts_with(s: str, prefix: str) -> bool` Report whether `s` starts with `prefix`.
`substring(s: str, start_pos: int) -> str` Substring of `s` starting at `start_pos` (docs).
`substring(s: str, start_pos: int, l: int) -> str` Substring starting at `start_pos` of length `l` (docs).
`substring('s' [FROM 'start_pos']? [FOR 'l']?) -> str` Substring starting at `start_pos` of length `l` (docs).
`translate(s: str, from: str, to: str) -> str` Any character in `s` that matches a character in `from` is replaced by the corresponding character in `to`. If `from` is longer than `to`, occurrences of the extra characters in `from` are removed.
`trim([BOTH \| LEADING \| TRAILING]? ['c'? FROM]? 's') -> str` Trims any character in `c` from `s` on the specified side. Defaults: • Side: `BOTH` • `'c'`: `' '` (space)
`try_parse_monotonic_iso8601_timestamp(s: str) -> timestamp` Parses a specific subset of ISO8601 timestamps, returning `NULL` instead of error on failure: `YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssZ` (docs).
`upper(s: str) -> str` Convert `s` to uppercase.

Scalar functions

Scalar functions take a list of scalar expressions

Function
`expression bool_op ALL(s: Scalars) -> bool` `true` if applying bool_op to `expression` and every value of `s` evaluates to `true`.
`expression bool_op ANY(s: Scalars) -> bool` `true` if applying bool_op to `expression` and any value of `s` evaluates to `true`. Avoid using in equi-join conditions as its use in the equi-join condition can lead to a significant increase in memory usage. See idiomatic Materialize SQL for the alternative.
`expression IN(s: Scalars) -> bool` `true` for each value in `expression` if it matches at least one element of `s`.
`expression NOT IN(s: Scalars) -> bool` `true` for each value in `expression` if it does not match any elements of `s`.
`expression bool_op SOME(s: Scalars) -> bool` `true` if applying bool_op to `expression` and any value of `s` evaluates to `true`.

Subquery functions

Subquery functions take a query, e.g. SELECT

Function
`expression bool_op ALL(s: Query) -> bool` `s` must return exactly one column; `true` if applying bool_op to `expression` and every value of `s` evaluates to `true`.
`expression bool_op ANY(s: Query) -> bool` `s` must return exactly one column; `true` if applying bool_op to `expression` and any value of `s` evaluates to `true`.
`csv_extract(num_csv_col: int, col_name: string) -> col1: string, ... coln: string` Extracts separated values from a column containing a CSV file formatted as a string (docs).
`EXISTS(s: Query) -> bool` `true` if `s` returns at least one row.
`expression IN(s: Query) -> bool` `s` must return exactly one column; `true` for each value in `expression` if it matches at least one element of `s`.
`NOT EXISTS(s: Query) -> bool` `true` if `s` returns zero rows.
`expression NOT IN(s: Query) -> bool` `s` must return exactly one column; `true` for each value in `expression` if it does not match any elements of `s`.
`expression bool_op SOME(s: Query) -> bool` `s` must return exactly one column; `true` if applying bool_op to `expression` and any value of `s` evaluates to `true`.

Date and time functions

Time functions take or produce a time-like type, e.g. date, timestamp, timestamp with time zone.

Function
`age(timestamp, timestamp) -> interval` Subtracts one timestamp from another, producing a “symbolic” result that uses years and months, rather than just days.
`current_timestamp() -> timestamptz` The `timestamp with time zone` representing when the query was executed. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`date_bin(stride: interval, source: timestamp, origin: timestamp) -> timestamp` Align `source` with `origin` along `stride` (docs).
`date_trunc(time_component: str, val: timestamp) -> timestamp` Largest `time_component` <= `val` (docs).
`date_trunc(time_component: str, val: interval) -> interval` Largest `time_component` <= `val` (docs).
`EXTRACT(extract_expr) -> numeric` Specified time component from value (docs).
`date_part(time_component: str, val: timestamp) -> float` Specified time component from value (docs).
`mz_now() -> mz_timestamp` The logical time at which a query executes. Used for temporal filters and query timestamp introspection (docs). Note: This function is unmaterializable, but can be used in limited contexts in materialized views as a temporal filter.
`now() -> timestamptz` The `timestamp with time zone` representing when the query was executed (docs). Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`timestamp AT TIME ZONE zone -> timestamptz` Converts `timestamp` to the specified time zone, expressed as an offset from UTC (docs). Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.
`timestamptz AT TIME ZONE zone -> timestamp` Converts `timestamp with time zone` from UTC to the specified time zone, expressed as the local time (docs). Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.
`timezone(zone, timestamp) -> timestamptz` Converts `timestamp` to specified time zone, expressed as an offset from UTC (docs). Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.
`timezone(zone, timestamptz) -> timestamp` Converts `timestamp with time zone` from UTC to specified time zone, expressed as the local time (docs). Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.
`timezone_offset(zone: str, when: timestamptz) -> (abbrev: str, base_utc_offset: interval, dst_offset: interval)` Describes a time zone’s offset from UTC at a specified moment. `zone` must be a valid IANA Time Zone Database identifier. `when` is a `timestamp with time zone` that specifies the moment at which to determine `zone`’s offset from UTC. `abbrev` is the abbreviation for `zone` that is in use at the specified moment (e.g., `EST` or `EDT`). `base_utc_offset` is the base offset from UTC at the specified moment (e.g., `-5 hours`). Positive offsets mean east of Greenwich; negative offsets mean west of Greenwich. `dst_offset` is the additional offset at the specified moment due to Daylight Saving Time rules (e.g., `1 hours`). If non-zero, Daylight Saving Time is in effect.
`to_timestamp(val: double precision) -> timestamptz` Converts Unix epoch (seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970) to timestamp.
`to_char(val: timestamp, format: str)` Converts a timestamp into a string using the specified format (docs).
`justify_days(val: interval) -> interval` Adjust interval so 30-day time periods are represented as months (docs).
`justify_hours(val: interval) -> interval` Adjust interval so 24-hour time periods are represented as days (docs).
`justify_interval(val: interval) -> interval` Adjust interval using justify_days and justify_hours, with additional sign adjustments (docs).

Function

age(timestamp, timestamp) -> interval

Subtracts one timestamp from another, producing a “symbolic” result that uses years and months, rather than just days.

current_timestamp() -> timestamptz

The timestamp with time zone representing when the query was executed.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

date_bin(stride: interval, source: timestamp, origin: timestamp) -> timestamp

Align source with origin along stride

(docs).

date_trunc(time_component: str, val: timestamp) -> timestamp

Largest time_component <= val

(docs).

date_trunc(time_component: str, val: interval) -> interval

Largest time_component <= val

(docs).

EXTRACT(extract_expr) -> numeric

Specified time component from value

(docs).

date_part(time_component: str, val: timestamp) -> float

Specified time component from value

(docs).

mz_now() -> mz_timestamp

The logical time at which a query executes. Used for temporal filters and query timestamp introspection

(docs).

Note: This function is unmaterializable, but can be used in limited contexts in materialized views as a temporal filter.

now() -> timestamptz

The timestamp with time zone representing when the query was executed

(docs).

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

timestamp AT TIME ZONE zone -> timestamptz

Converts timestamp to the specified time zone, expressed as an offset from UTC

(docs).

Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.

timestamptz AT TIME ZONE zone -> timestamp

Converts timestamp with time zone from UTC to the specified time zone, expressed as the local time

(docs).

Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.

timezone(zone, timestamp) -> timestamptz

Converts timestamp to specified time zone, expressed as an offset from UTC

(docs).

Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.

timezone(zone, timestamptz) -> timestamp

Converts timestamp with time zone from UTC to specified time zone, expressed as the local time

(docs).

Known limitation: You must explicitly cast the type for the time zone.

timezone_offset(zone: str, when: timestamptz) ->
(abbrev: str, base_utc_offset: interval, dst_offset: interval)

Describes a time zone’s offset from UTC at a specified moment.

zone must be a valid IANA Time Zone Database identifier.

when is a timestamp with time zone that specifies the moment at which to determine zone’s offset from UTC.

abbrev is the abbreviation for zone that is in use at the specified moment (e.g., EST or EDT).

base_utc_offset is the base offset from UTC at the specified moment (e.g., -5 hours). Positive offsets mean east of Greenwich; negative offsets mean west of Greenwich.

dst_offset is the additional offset at the specified moment due to Daylight Saving Time rules (e.g., 1 hours). If non-zero, Daylight Saving Time is in effect.

to_timestamp(val: double precision) -> timestamptz

Converts Unix epoch (seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970) to timestamp.

to_char(val: timestamp, format: str)

Converts a timestamp into a string using the specified format

(docs).

justify_days(val: interval) -> interval

Adjust interval so 30-day time periods are represented as months

(docs).

justify_hours(val: interval) -> interval

Adjust interval so 24-hour time periods are represented as days

(docs).

justify_interval(val: interval) -> interval

Adjust interval using justify_days and justify_hours, with additional sign adjustments

(docs).

UUID functions

Function
`uuid_generate_v5(namespace: uuid, name: text) -> uuid` Generates a version 5 UUID (SHA-1) in the given namespace using the specified input name.

JSON functions

Function
`jsonb_agg(expression) -> jsonb` Aggregate values (including nulls) as a jsonb array (docs).
`jsonb_array_elements(j: jsonb) -> Col<jsonb>` `j`’s elements if `j` is an array (docs).
`jsonb_array_elements_text(j: jsonb) -> Col<string>` `j`’s elements if `j` is an array (docs).
`jsonb_array_length(j: jsonb) -> int` Number of elements in `j`’s outermost array (docs).
`jsonb_build_array(x: ...) -> jsonb` Output each element of `x` as a `jsonb` array. Elements can be of heterogenous types (docs).
`jsonb_build_object(x: ...) -> jsonb` The elements of x as a `jsonb` object. The argument list alternates between keys and values (docs).
`jsonb_each(j: jsonb) -> Col<(key: string, value: jsonb)>` `j`’s outermost elements if `j` is an object (docs).
`jsonb_each_text(j: jsonb) -> Col<(key: string, value: string)>` `j`’s outermost elements if `j` is an object (docs).
`jsonb_object_agg(keys, values) -> jsonb` Aggregate keys and values (including nulls) as a `jsonb` object (docs).
`jsonb_object_keys(j: jsonb) -> Col<string>` `j`’s outermost keys if `j` is an object (docs).
`jsonb_pretty(j: jsonb) -> string` Pretty printed (i.e. indented) `j` (docs).
`jsonb_typeof(j: jsonb) -> string` Type of `j`’s outermost value. One of `object`, `array`, `string`, `number`, `boolean`, and `null` (docs).
`jsonb_strip_nulls(j: jsonb) -> jsonb` `j` with all object fields with a value of `null` removed. Other `null` values remain (docs).
`to_jsonb(v: T) -> jsonb` `v` as `jsonb` (docs).

Function

jsonb_agg(expression) -> jsonb

Aggregate values (including nulls) as a jsonb array

(docs).

jsonb_array_elements(j: jsonb) -> Col<jsonb>

j’s elements if j is an array

(docs).

jsonb_array_elements_text(j: jsonb) -> Col<string>

j’s elements if j is an array

(docs).

jsonb_array_length(j: jsonb) -> int

Number of elements in j’s outermost array

(docs).

jsonb_build_array(x: ...) -> jsonb

Output each element of x as a jsonb array. Elements can be of heterogenous types

(docs).

jsonb_build_object(x: ...) -> jsonb

The elements of x as a jsonb object. The argument list alternates between keys and values

(docs).

jsonb_each(j: jsonb) -> Col<(key: string, value: jsonb)>

j’s outermost elements if j is an object

(docs).

jsonb_each_text(j: jsonb) -> Col<(key: string, value: string)>

j’s outermost elements if j is an object

(docs).

jsonb_object_agg(keys, values) -> jsonb

Aggregate keys and values (including nulls) as a jsonb object

(docs).

jsonb_object_keys(j: jsonb) -> Col<string>

j’s outermost keys if j is an object

(docs).

jsonb_pretty(j: jsonb) -> string

Pretty printed (i.e. indented) j

(docs).

jsonb_typeof(j: jsonb) -> string

Type of j’s outermost value. One of object, array, string, number, boolean, and null

(docs).

jsonb_strip_nulls(j: jsonb) -> jsonb

j with all object fields with a value of null removed. Other null values remain

(docs).

to_jsonb(v: T) -> jsonb

v as jsonb

(docs).

Table functions

Table functions evaluate to a set of rows, rather than a single expression.

Function
`generate_series(start: int, stop: int) -> Col<int>` Generate all integer values between `start` and `stop`, inclusive.
`generate_series(start: int, stop: int, step: int) -> Col<int>` Generate all integer values between `start` and `stop`, inclusive, incrementing by `step` each time.
`generate_series(start: timestamp, stop: timestamp, step: interval) -> Col<timestamp>` Generate all timestamp values between `start` and `stop`, inclusive, incrementing by `step` each time.
`generate_subscripts(a: anyarray, dim: int) -> Col<int>` Generates a series comprising the valid subscripts of the `dim`‘th dimension of the given array `a`.
`regexp_extract(regex: str, haystack: str) -> Col<string>` Values of the capture groups of `regex` as matched in `haystack`.
`regexp_split_to_table(text: str, pattern: str [, flags: str]]) -> Col<string>` Splits `text` by the regular expression `pattern`. If `flags` is set to `i`, matches case-insensitively.
`unnest(a: anyarray)` Expands the array `a` into a set of rows.
`unnest(l: anylist)` Expands the list `l` into a set of rows.
`unnest(m: anymap)` Expands the map `m` in a set of rows with the columns `key` and `value`.

Array functions

Function
`array_cat(a1: arrayany, a2: arrayany) -> arrayany` Concatenates `a1` and `a2`.
`array_fill(anyelement, int[], [, int[]]) -> anyarray` Returns an array initialized with supplied value and dimensions, optionally with lower bounds other than 1.
`array_length(a: arrayany, dim: bigint) -> int` Returns the length of the specified dimension of the array.
`array_position(haystack: anycompatiblearray, needle: anycompatible) -> int` Returns the subscript of `needle` in `haystack`. Returns `null` if not found.
`array_position(haystack: anycompatiblearray, needle: anycompatible, skip: int) -> int` Returns the subscript of `needle` in `haystack`, skipping the first `skip` elements. Returns `null` if not found.
`array_to_string(a: anyarray, sep: text [, ifnull: text]) -> text` Concatenates the elements of `array` together separated by `sep`. Null elements are omitted unless `ifnull` is non-null, in which case null elements are replaced with the value of `ifnull`.
`array_remove(a: anyarray, e: anyelement) -> anyarray` Returns the array `a` without any elements equal to the given value `e`. The array must be one-dimensional. Comparisons are done using `IS NOT DISTINCT FROM semantics, so it is possible to remove NULLs.

Hash functions

Function
`crc32(data: bytea) -> uint32` Computes the 32-bit cyclic redundancy check of the given bytea `data` using the IEEE 802.3 polynomial.
`crc32(data: text) -> uint32` Computes the 32-bit cyclic redundancy check of the given text `data` using the IEEE 802.3 polynomial.
`digest(data: text, type: text) -> bytea` Computes a binary hash of the given text `data` using the specified `type` algorithm. Supported hash algorithms are: `md5`, `sha1`, `sha224`, `sha256`, `sha384`, and `sha512`.
`digest(data: bytea, type: text) -> bytea` Computes a binary hash of the given bytea `data` using the specified `type` algorithm. The supported hash algorithms are the same as for the text variant of this function.
`hmac(data: text, key: text, type: text) -> bytea` Computes a hashed MAC of the given text `data` using the specified `key` and `type` algorithm. Supported hash algorithms are the same as for `digest`.
`hmac(data: bytea, key: bytea, type: text) -> bytea` Computes a hashed MAC of the given bytea `data` using the specified `key` and `type` algorithm. The supported hash algorithms are the same as for `digest`.
`kafka_murmur2(data: bytea) -> integer` Computes the Murmur2 hash of the given bytea `data` using the seed used by Kafka’s default partitioner and with the high bit cleared.
`kafka_murmur2(data: text) -> integer` Computes the Murmur2 hash of the given text `data` using the seed used by Kafka’s default partitioner and with the high bit cleared.
`md5(data: bytea) -> text` Computes the MD5 hash of the given bytea `data`. For PostgreSQL compatibility, returns a hex-encoded value of type `text` rather than `bytea`.
`seahash(data: bytea) -> bigint` Computes the SeaHash hash of the given bytea `data`.
`seahash(data: text) -> bigint` Computes the SeaHash hash of the given text `data`.
`sha224(data: bytea) -> bytea` Computes the SHA-224 hash of the given bytea `data`.
`sha256(data: bytea) -> bytea` Computes the SHA-256 hash of the given bytea `data`.
`sha384(data: bytea) -> bytea` Computes the SHA-384 hash of the given bytea `data`.
`sha512(data: bytea) -> bytea` Computes the SHA-512 hash of the given bytea `data`.

Window functions

💡 Tip: For some window function query patterns, rewriting your query to not use window functions can yield better performance. See Idiomatic Materialize SQL for details.

Window functions compute values across sets of rows related to the current row. For example, you can use a window aggregation to smooth measurement data by computing the average of the last 5 measurements before every row as follows:

SELECT
  avg(measurement) OVER (ORDER BY time ROWS BETWEEN 4 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
FROM measurements;

Window functions always need an OVER clause. For the OVER clause, Materialize supports the same syntax as PostgreSQL, but supports only the following frame modes:

the ROWS frame mode.
the default frame, which is RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW.

NOTE:

For window functions, when an input record in a partition (as determined by the PARTITION BY clause of your window function) is added/removed/changed, Materialize recomputes the results for the entire window partition. This means that when a new batch of input data arrives (that is, every second), the amount of computation performed is proportional to the total size of the touched partitions.

For example, assume that in a given second, 20 input records change, and these records belong to 10 different partitions, where the average size of each partition is 100. Then, amount of work to perform is proportional to computing the window function results for 10*100=1000 rows.

As a rule of thumb, if the total size of all touched window partitions is at most 1000000 rows per second, then the system should be able to keep up with the input data as it arrives. However, if your use case has higher performance requirements, consider rewriting your query to not use window functions. If your query cannot be rewritten without the window functions and the performance of window functions is insufficient for your use case, please contact our team.

See Idiomatic Materialize SQL for examples of rewriting window functions.

In addition to the below window functions, you can use the OVER clause with any aggregation function (e.g., sum, avg) as well. Using an aggregation with an OVER clause is called a window aggregation. A window aggregation computes the aggregate not on the groups specified by the GROUP BY clause, but on the frames specified inside the OVER clause. (Note that a window aggregation produces exactly one output value for each input row. This is different from a standard aggregation, which produces one output value for each group specified by the GROUP BY clause.)

Function
`dense_rank() -> int` Returns the rank of the current row within its partition without gaps, counting from 1. Rows that compare equal will have the same rank.
`first_value(value anycompatible) -> anyelement` Returns `value` evaluated at the first row of the window frame. The default window frame is `RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW`. See also Idiomatic Materialize SQL: First value.
`lag(value anycompatible [, offset integer [, default anycompatible ]]) -> int` Returns `value` evaluated at the row that is `offset` rows before the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns `default` (which must be of a type compatible with `value`). If `offset` is `NULL`, `NULL` is returned instead. Both `offset` and `default` are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, `offset` defaults to 1 and `default` to `NULL`. See also Idiomatic Materialize SQL: Lag over.
`last_value(value anycompatible) -> anyelement` Returns `value` evaluated at the last row of the window frame. The default window frame is `RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW`. See also Idiomatic Materialize SQL: Last value.
`lead(value anycompatible [, offset integer [, default anycompatible ]]) -> int` Returns `value` evaluated at the row that is `offset` rows after the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns `default` (which must be of a type compatible with `value`). If `offset` is `NULL`, `NULL` is returned instead. Both `offset` and `default` are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, `offset` defaults to 1 and `default` to `NULL`. See also Idiomatic Materialize SQL: Lead over.
`rank() -> int` Returns the rank of the current row within its partition with gaps (counting from 1): rows that compare equal will have the same rank, and then the rank is incremented by the number of rows that compared equal.
`row_number() -> int` Returns the number of the current row within its partition, counting from 1. Rows that compare equal will be ordered in an unspecified way. See also Idiomatic Materialize SQL: Top-K.

Function

dense_rank() -> int

Returns the rank of the current row within its partition without gaps, counting from 1. Rows that compare equal will have the same rank.

first_value(value anycompatible) -> anyelement

Returns value evaluated at the first row of the window frame. The default window frame is RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW.

lag(value anycompatible [, offset integer [, default anycompatible ]]) -> int

Returns value evaluated at the row that is offset rows before the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns default (which must be of a type compatible with value). If offset is NULL, NULL is returned instead. Both offset and default are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to NULL.

last_value(value anycompatible) -> anyelement

Returns value evaluated at the last row of the window frame. The default window frame is RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW.

lead(value anycompatible [, offset integer [, default anycompatible ]]) -> int

Returns value evaluated at the row that is offset rows after the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns default (which must be of a type compatible with value). If offset is NULL, NULL is returned instead. Both offset and default are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to NULL.

rank() -> int

Returns the rank of the current row within its partition with gaps (counting from 1): rows that compare equal will have the same rank, and then the rank is incremented by the number of rows that compared equal.

row_number() -> int

Returns the number of the current row within its partition, counting from 1. Rows that compare equal will be ordered in an unspecified way.

System information functions

Functions that return information about the system.

Function
`mz_environment_id() -> text` Returns a string containing a `uuid` uniquely identifying the Materialize environment. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`mz_uptime() -> interval` Returns the length of time that the materialized process has been running. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`mz_version() -> text` Returns the server’s version information as a human-readable string. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`mz_version_num() -> int` Returns the server’s version as an integer having the format `XXYYYZZ`, where `XX` is the major version, `YYY` is the minor version and `ZZ` is the patch version. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`current_database() -> text` Returns the name of the current database. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`current_catalog() -> text` Alias for `current_database`. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`current_user() -> text` Returns the name of the user who executed the containing query. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`current_role() -> text` Alias for `current_user`. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`user() -> text` Alias for `current_user`. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`session_user() -> text` Returns the name of the user who initiated the database connection. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`mz_row_size(expr: Record) -> int` Returns the number of bytes used to store a row.

Function

mz_environment_id() -> text

Returns a string containing a uuid uniquely identifying the Materialize environment.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

mz_uptime() -> interval

Returns the length of time that the materialized process has been running.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

mz_version() -> text

Returns the server’s version information as a human-readable string.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

mz_version_num() -> int

Returns the server’s version as an integer having the format XXYYYZZ, where XX is the major version, YYY is the minor version and ZZ is the patch version.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

current_database() -> text

Returns the name of the current database.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

current_catalog() -> text

Alias for current_database.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

current_user() -> text

Returns the name of the user who executed the containing query.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

current_role() -> text

Alias for current_user.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

user() -> text

Alias for current_user.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

session_user() -> text

Returns the name of the user who initiated the database connection.

Note: This function is unmaterializable.

mz_row_size(expr: Record) -> int

Returns the number of bytes used to store a row.

PostgreSQL compatibility functions

Functions whose primary purpose is to facilitate compatibility with PostgreSQL tools. These functions may have suboptimal performance characteristics.

Function
`format_type(oid: int, typemod: int) -> text` Returns the canonical SQL name for the type specified by `oid` with `typemod` applied.
`current_schema() -> text` Returns the name of the first non-implicit schema on the search path, or `NULL` if the search path is empty. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`current_schemas(include_implicit: bool) -> text[]` Returns the names of the schemas on the search path. The `include_implicit` parameter controls whether implicit schemas like `mz_catalog` and `pg_catalog` are included in the output. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`current_setting(setting_name: text[, missing_ok: bool]) -> text` Returns the value of the named setting or error if it does not exist. If `missing_ok` is true, return NULL if it does not exist. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`obj_description(oid: oid, catalog: text) -> text` Returns the comment for a database object specified by its `oid` and the name of the containing system catalog.
`col_description(oid: oid, column: int) -> text` Returns the comment for a table column, which is specified by the `oid` of its table and its column number.
`pg_backend_pid() -> int` Returns the internal connection ID. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`pg_cancel_backend(connection_id: int) -> bool` Cancels an in-progress query on the specified connection ID. Returns whether the connection ID existed (not if it cancelled a query). Note: This function is side-effecting.
`pg_column_size(expr: any) -> int` Returns the number of bytes used to store any individual data value.
`pg_size_pretty(expr: numeric) -> text` Converts a size in bytes into a human-readable format.
`pg_get_constraintdef(oid: oid[, pretty: bool]) -> text` Returns the constraint definition for the given `oid`. Currently always returns NULL since constraints aren’t supported.
`pg_get_indexdef(index: oid[, column: integer, pretty: bool]) -> text` Reconstructs the creating command for an index. (This is a decompiled reconstruction, not the original text of the command.) If column is supplied and is not zero, only the definition of that column is reconstructed.
`pg_get_ruledef(rule_oid: oid[, pretty bool]) -> text` Reconstructs the creating command for a rule. This function always returns NULL because Materialize does not support rules.
`pg_get_userbyid(role: oid) -> text` Returns the role (user) name for the given `oid`. If no role matches the specified OID, the string `unknown (OID=oid)` is returned.
`pg_get_viewdef(view_name: text[, pretty: bool]) -> text` Returns the underlying SELECT command for the given view.
`pg_get_viewdef(view_oid: oid[, pretty: bool]) -> text` Returns the underlying SELECT command for the given view.
`pg_get_viewdef(view_oid: oid[, wrap_column: integer]) -> text` Returns the underlying SELECT command for the given view.
`pg_has_role([user: name or oid,] role: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Alias for `has_role` for PostgreSQL compatibility.
`pg_is_in_recovery() -> bool` Returns if the a recovery is still in progress.
`pg_table_is_visible(relation: oid) -> boolean` Reports whether the relation with the specified OID is visible in the search path.
`pg_tablespace_location(tablespace: oid) -> text` Returns the path in the file system that the provided tablespace is on.
`pg_type_is_visible(relation: oid) -> boolean` Reports whether the type with the specified OID is visible in the search path.
`pg_function_is_visible(relation: oid) -> boolean` Reports whether the function with the specified OID is visible in the search path.
`pg_typeof(expr: any) -> text` Returns the type of its input argument as a string.
`pg_encoding_to_char(encoding_id: integer) -> text` PostgreSQL compatibility shim. Not intended for direct use.
`pg_postmaster_start_time() -> timestamptz` Returns the time when the server started. Note: This function is unmaterializable.
`pg_relation_size(relation: regclass[, fork: text]) -> bigint` Disk space used by the specified fork (‘main’, ‘fsm’, ‘vm’, or ‘init’) of the specified table or index. If no fork is specified, it defaults to ‘main’. This function always returns -1 because Materialize does not store tables and indexes on local disk.
`pg_stat_get_numscans(oid: oid) -> bigint` Number of sequential scans done when argument is a table, or number of index scans done when argument is an index. This function always returns -1 because Materialize does not collect statistics.
`version() -> text` Returns a PostgreSQL-compatible version string. Note: This function is unmaterializable.

Access privilege inquiry functions

Functions that allow querying object access privileges. None of the following functions consider whether the provided role is a superuser or not.

Function
`has_cluster_privilege([role: text or oid,] cluster: text, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the cluster with the specified cluster name. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_connection_privilege([role: text or oid,] connection: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the connection with the specified connection name or OID. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_database_privilege([role: text or oid,] database: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the database with the specified database name or OID. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_schema_privilege([role: text or oid,] schema: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the schema with the specified schema name or OID. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_role([user: name or oid,] role: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the `user` has the privilege for `role`. `privilege` can either be `MEMBER` or `USAGE`, however currently this value is ignored. The `PUBLIC` pseudo-role cannot be used for the `user` nor the `role`. If the `user` is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_secret_privilege([role: text or oid,] secret: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the secret with the specified secret name or OID. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_system_privilege([role: text or oid,] privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the system privilege. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_table_privilege([role: text or oid,] relation: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the relation with the specified relation name or OID. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`has_type_privilege([role: text or oid,] type: text or oid, privilege: text) -> bool` Reports whether the role with the specified role name or OID has the privilege on the type with the specified type name or OID. If the role is omitted then the `current_role` is assumed.
`mz_is_superuser() -> bool` Reports whether the `current_role` is a superuser.

Operators

Generic operators

Operator	Computes
`val::type`	Cast of `val` as `type` (docs)

Boolean operators

Operator	Computes
`AND`	Boolean “and”
`OR`	Boolean “or”
`=`	Equality
`<>`	Inequality
`!=`	Inequality
`<`	Less than
`>`	Greater than
`<=`	Less than or equal to
`>=`	Greater than or equal to
`a BETWEEN x AND y`	`a >= x AND a <= y`
`a NOT BETWEEN x AND y`	`a < x OR a > y`
`a IS NULL`	`a = NULL`
`a ISNULL`	`a = NULL`
`a IS NOT NULL`	`a != NULL`
`a IS TRUE`	`a` is true, requiring `a` to be a boolean
`a IS NOT TRUE`	`a` is not true, requiring `a` to be a boolean
`a IS FALSE`	`a` is false, requiring `a` to be a boolean
`a IS NOT FALSE`	`a` is not false, requiring `a` to be a boolean
`a IS UNKNOWN`	`a = NULL`, requiring `a` to be a boolean
`a IS NOT UNKNOWN`	`a != NULL`, requiring `a` to be a boolean
`a LIKE match_expr [ ESCAPE escape_char ]`	`a` matches `match_expr`, using SQL LIKE matching
`a ILIKE match_expr [ ESCAPE escape_char ]`	`a` matches `match_expr`, using case-insensitive SQL LIKE matching

Numbers operators

Operator	Computes
`+`	Addition
`-`	Subtraction
`*`	Multiplication
`/`	Division
`%`	Modulo
`&`	Bitwise AND
`\|`	Bitwise OR
`#`	Bitwise XOR
`~`	Bitwise NOT
`<<`	Bitwise left shift
`>>`	Bitwise right shift

String operators

Operator	Computes
`\|\|`	Concatenation
`~~`	Matches LIKE pattern case sensitively, see SQL LIKE matching
`~~*`	Matches LIKE pattern case insensitively (ILIKE), see SQL LIKE matching
`!~~`	Matches NOT LIKE pattern (case sensitive), see SQL LIKE matching
`!~~*`	Matches NOT ILIKE pattern (case insensitive), see SQL LIKE matching
`~`	Matches regular expression, case sensitive
`~*`	Matches regular expression, case insensitive
`!~`	Matches regular expression case sensitively, and inverts the match
`!~*`	Match regular expression case insensitively, and inverts the match

The regular expression syntax supported by Materialize is documented by the Rust regex crate.

WARNING! Materialize regular expressions are similar to, but not identical to, PostgreSQL regular expressions.

Time-like operators

Operation	Computes
`date` `+` `interval`	`timestamp`
`date` `-` `interval`	`timestamp`
`date` `+` `time`	`timestamp`
`date` `-` `date`	`interval`
`timestamp` `+` `interval`	`timestamp`
`timestamp` `-` `interval`	`timestamp`
`timestamp` `-` `timestamp`	`interval`
`time` `+` `interval`	`time`
`time` `-` `interval`	`time`
`time` `-` `time`	`interval`

JSON operators

Operator	RHS Type	Description
`->`	`text`, `int`	Access field by name or index position, and return `jsonb` (docs)
`->>`	`text`, `int`	Access field by name or index position, and return `text` (docs)
`#>`	`text[]`	Access field by path, and return `jsonb` (docs)
`#>>`	`text[]`	Access field by path, and return `text` (docs)
`\|\|`	`jsonb`	Concatenate LHS and RHS (docs)
`-`	`text`	Delete all values with key of RHS (docs)
`@>`	`jsonb`	Does element contain RHS? (docs)
`<@`	`jsonb`	Does RHS contain element? (docs)
`?`	`text`	Is RHS a top-level key? (docs)

Map operators

Operator	RHS Type	Description
`->`	`string`	Access field by name, and return target field (docs)
`@>`	`map`	Does element contain RHS? (docs)
`<@`	`map`	Does RHS contain element? (docs)
`?`	`string`	Is RHS a top-level key? (docs)
`?&`	`string[]`	Does LHS contain all RHS top-level keys? (docs)
`?\|`	`string[]`	Does LHS contain any RHS top-level keys? (docs)

List operators

List operators are polymorphic.

Operator	Description
`listany \|\| listany`	Concatenate the two lists.
`listany \|\| listelementany`	Append the element to the list.
`listelementany \|\| listany`	Prepend the element to the list.
`listany @> listany`	Check if the first list contains all elements of the second list.
`listany <@ listany`	Check if all elements of the first list are contained in the second list.